[C++][Dataset] Parquet schema lost on dataset write

### Describe the enhancement requested

As a user of the Arrow Dataset API I would like to write partitioned data and preserve Parquet schema information.

For example, I may have an arrow::Table containing Parquet `INTERVAL` data stored in it's physical type representation, a `fixed_len_byte_array` of length 12. Because no arrow::Schema types are a direct match I use a `arrow::FixedSizeBinaryBuilder` to create the table. Existing properties and `arrow::dataset::FileSystemDataset::Write()` don't support providing a native schema for the output file format. As a result, the Parquet logical types of written data that do not have an arrow::schema equivalent are lost.

Some Parquet logical types affected:
- interval
- uuid
- enum
- json
- bson

**Current behavior:** When using the Arrow Dataset API, data type roundtripping is limited by the types arrow::schema can represent

**Desired behavior:** Provide a parquet schema that allows the user to specify a target schema.

### Component(s)

C++