[C++] Not all headers protected from Windows min/max defines

### Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

Not all headers that use min and max include arrow/util/windows_compatibility.h . This requires a user of arrow to disable these macros on Windows. As an example, line 748 of arrow/type.h uses std::numeric_limits::max(). This can also be fixed by disabling macro expansion (for example, (std::numeric_limits::max)() ) or the Windows macros can be disabled by defining NOMINMAX, which is done in windows_compatibility.h.

### Component(s)

C++