[Python] Enhance pyarrow.compute to Support Broadcasting Similar to numpy

### Describe the enhancement requested

`numpy` supports broadcasting, allowing operations between arrays of different lengths (e.g., multi-element and single-element arrays). It would be beneficial if pyarrow could implement similar behavior.

Example:

```python
import numpy as np
import pyarrow as pa

# Works in numpy
np.array([1, 2, 3]) + np.array([4])

# Also works in pyarrow with a scalar
pa.compute.add(pa.array([1, 2, 3]), 4)

# Doesn't work in pyarrow with an array - raises
# ArrowInvalid: Array arguments must all be the same length
pa.compute.add(pa.array([1, 2, 3]), pa.array([4]))
```

This issue arose from a discussion in a related Pandas issue: https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/60073.

### Component(s)

Python