[Python] BUG: Process hangs indefinitely on UnicodeDecodeError When use_threads=True in pyarrow.csv.read_csv

## Summary
When using `pyarrow.csv.read_csv` with `ReadOptions(use_threads=True)` and encountering a `UnicodeDecodeError`, Python hangs indefinitely during the shutdown process. This issue occurs consistently across multiple Python versions and `pyarrow` versions.

**NOTE**: I originally reported this here #43741 but now I have a working file that can be tested.

- [sample.txt](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/16821794/sample.txt)

I hope that someone familiar with the internals of the pyarrow.csv module, particularly with the threading and shutdown procedures, can help identify and resolve this issue.

## Steps to Reproduce
1. Run the following Python script:

```python
import atexit
import pyarrow.csv as pv

@atexit.register
def on_exit():
print("Program exited successfully.")

# setting use_threads to False does not hang python
read_options = pv.ReadOptions(encoding="big5", use_threads=True)
parse_options = pv.ParseOptions(delimiter="|")

with open("sample.txt", "rb") as f:
try:
table = pv.read_csv(f, read_options=read_options, parse_options=parse_options)
except Exception as e:
print(f"An error occurred: {e}")
raise
```

2. Use a file (`sample.txt`) that contains data in an encoding (e.g., Big5, Shift-JIS) likely to trigger a `UnicodeDecodeError`.

**NOTE:** Minor edits to this file result in the issue no longer being reproducible.

3. Observe that the script prints "Program exited successfully." but then hangs indefinitely during the Python shutdown process.

## Expected Behavior
The script should exit cleanly after execution, even if a `UnicodeDecodeError` occurs.

## Actual Behavior
The script hangs indefinitely during the logging shutdown process after encountering a `UnicodeDecodeError`. This behavior is consistent when `use_threads=True` is set.

## Output
The output includes a traceback ending with a `UnicodeDecodeError`, followed by a hang during the logging shutdown process. Below is the detailed Pdb step trace after the program exits:

```
File "pyarrow/_csv.pyx", line 1261, in pyarrow._csv.read_csv
File "pyarrow/_csv.pyx", line 1270, in pyarrow._csv.read_csv
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 155, in pyarrow.lib.pyarrow_internal_check_status
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 89, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
File "pyarrow/io.pxi", line 1973, in pyarrow.lib._cb_transform
File "pyarrow/io.pxi", line 2014, in pyarrow.lib.Transcoder.call
UnicodeDecodeError: 'big5' codec can't decode byte 0x96 in position 68: illegal multibyte sequence
Program exited successfully.
--Return--

/path/to/your/script.py(15)on_exit()->None
-> pdb.set_trace()
(Pdb) n
--Call--
/usr/lib/python3.11/logging/init.py(2170)shutdown()
-> def shutdown(handlerList=_handlerList):
(Pdb) n
/usr/lib/python3.11/logging/init.py(2177)shutdown()
-> print(handlerList)
(Pdb) n
[]
/usr/lib/python3.11/logging/init.py(2178)shutdown()
-> for wr in reversed(handlerList[:]):
(Pdb) n
/usr/lib/python3.11/logging/init.py(2181)shutdown()
-> try:
(Pdb) n
/usr/lib/python3.11/logging/init.py(2182)shutdown()
-> h = wr()
(Pdb) n
/usr/lib/python3.11/logging/init.py(2183)shutdown()
-> if h:
(Pdb) n
/usr/lib/python3.11/logging/init.py(2184)shutdown()
-> try:
(Pdb) n
/usr/lib/python3.11/logging/init.py(2185)shutdown()
-> h.acquire()
(Pdb) n
/usr/lib/python3.11/logging/init.py(2186)shutdown()
-> h.flush()
(Pdb) n
/usr/lib/python3.11/logging/init.py(2187)shutdown()
-> h.close()
(Pdb) n
/usr/lib/python3.11/logging/init.py(2195)shutdown()
-> h.release()
(Pdb) n
/usr/lib/python3.11/logging/init.py(2178)shutdown()
-> for wr in reversed(handlerList[:]):
(Pdb) n
^C #### if I don't CTRL-C it hangs forever
```

## Environment
- Python versions tested: 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12
- `pyarrow` versions tested: 9.0.0 to 17.0.0
- OS tested: Mac and Linux, including AWS Fargate

## Additional Information
- The issue occurs consistently when a `UnicodeDecodeError` is raised during CSV parsing with `use_threads=True`.
- It may also have to do with an inconsistent number of columns
- Specifying the separator is not required
- Disabling threading (`use_threads=False`) resolves the issue.
- The problematic file contains non-ASCII data, but attempts to generate a similar "fake" file with random ASCII data and specific byte substitutions have not successfully reproduced the issue.

## Suggested Priority
High - The hang is significant as it prevents Python from exiting cleanly, which could impact various applications relying on `pyarrow` for multi-threaded CSV processing.

Please let me know if additional information is required.

### Component(s)

Python