[Python] Casting list elements to non-nullable doesn't check for nulls

### Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

PyArrow correctly raises an error if trying to cast an array containing nulls to a non-nullable field:

```python
import pyarrow as pa

schema = pa.schema([
pa.field("x", pa.int64(), nullable=True)])

table = pa.Table.from_pydict({
"x": [1, None, 3],
}, schema=schema)

new_schema = pa.schema([
pa.field("x", pa.int64(), nullable=False)])

new_table = table.cast(new_schema)
```

This raises:
```
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
File "pyarrow/table.pxi", line 4455, in pyarrow.lib.Table.cast
ValueError: Casting field 'x' with null values to non-nullable
```

But this doesn't raise any error:
```python
schema = pa.schema([
pa.field("x", pa.list_(pa.field("", pa.int64(), nullable=True)), nullable=False)])

table = pa.Table.from_pydict({
"x": [[1, None, 3], [], [4, 5]]
}, schema=schema)

new_schema = pa.schema([
pa.field("x", pa.list_(pa.field("", pa.int64(), nullable=False)), nullable=False)])

new_table = table.cast(new_schema)

print(new_table)
```

```
pyarrow.Table
x: list<: int64 not null> not null
child 0, : int64 not null
----
x: [[[1,null,3],[],[4,5]]]
```

I can also write this table to Parquet without any error, but then reading it fails:
```python
pq.write_table(new_table, 'data.parquet')
read = pq.read_table('data.parquet')
```

This raises:
```
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
File "/home/adam/dev/virtualenvs/ml/lib64/python3.12/site-packages/pyarrow/parquet/core.py", line 1811, in read_table
return dataset.read(columns=columns, use_threads=use_threads,
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/adam/dev/virtualenvs/ml/lib64/python3.12/site-packages/pyarrow/parquet/core.py", line 1454, in read
table = self._dataset.to_table(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "pyarrow/_dataset.pyx", line 562, in pyarrow._dataset.Dataset.to_table
File "pyarrow/_dataset.pyx", line 3804, in pyarrow._dataset.Scanner.to_table
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 154, in pyarrow.lib.pyarrow_internal_check_status
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 91, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
pyarrow.lib.ArrowInvalid: Length spanned by list offsets (5) larger than values array (length 4)
```

This is with PyArrow 16.1.0 and Python 3.12 on Fedora 39 Linux.

### Component(s)

Python