pyarrow.fs.FileSystem.from_uri does not refer to HDFS core-site.xml config file when resolving namenode for HDFS URL

```
pyarrow==15.0.2
```

Hey! I'm trying to use this function https://arrow.apache.org/docs/python/generated/pyarrow.fs.FileSystem.html#pyarrow.fs.FileSystem.from_uri to obtain `FileSystem` like below:
```python
from pyarrow.fs import FileSystem

FileSystem.from_uri("hdfs:///some/path")
```
however, even though `core-site.xml` is properly configured I'm getting:

```
URISyntaxException: Expected authority at index 7: hdfs://java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Expected authority at index 7: hdfs://
```
I might be mistaken, however it seems that [it](https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7179511a47d4e07322f12a010c5dace89751b411/cpp/src/arrow/filesystem/hdfs.cc#L367) tries to find hostname between second and third slash charater in such HDFS URL and just does not take into account core-site.xml config at all.

I'm able to successfully create `FileSystem` when providing namenode explicitly with `hdfs://{namenode}/{path}`. Currently, we are working around this issue with two strategies of parsing:
```python
from pyarrow.fs import FileSystem, HadoopFileSystem

parsed = urlparse(url)
if parsed.scheme == "hdfs":
hadoop_file_system = HadoopFileSystem("default") # this properly recognizes core-site.xml
return (hadoop_file_system, parsed.path)
else:
file_system: Tuple[FileSystem, str] = FileSystem.from_uri(uri=url)
return file_system
```

### Component(s)

C++, Python