[C++] Security checks and relaxing hashjoin batch rows size

### Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

Here is 1 << 15 equals 32768, partition_range is uint16, the maximum value is 65535, can we adjust it to the maximum?

```
static void Eval(int64_t num_rows, int num_prtns, uint16_t* prtn_ranges,
INPUT_PRTN_ID_FN prtn_id_impl, OUTPUT_POS_FN output_pos_impl) {
ARROW_DCHECK(num_rows > 0 && num_rows <= (1 << 15));
ARROW_DCHECK(num_prtns >= 1 && num_prtns <= (1 << 15));

memset(prtn_ranges, 0, (num_prtns + 1) * sizeof(uint16_t));
}
```

**Background:** Today, the release package set a batch size of 65536(batch hash rows) and found a crash. The crash information is:
```
terminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::length_error'
what(): vector::_M_default_append
```

The crash location is the following line of code in SwissTableForJoinBuild::ProcessPartition:
```
prtn_state.key_ids.resize(num_rows_before + num_rows_new);
```
When we printed the log, we found that num_rows_new overflowed and became a negative number. Then the review code found that there are some restrictions on rows in PartitionSort::Eval. We found under the release package that we can run any batch size from 32768 + 1 to 65535 because of the following The assertion is invalid. At the same time, it also gives us some thinking. Since everything within uint16_t can run, why not set it to the maximum value?
My suggestion, make this assertion
```
ARROW_DCHECK(num_rows > 0 && num_rows <= (1 << 15));
```
becomes:

```
ARROW_DCHECK(num_rows > 0 && num_rows <= (1 << 16) - 1);
```

### Component(s)

C++