[C] Arrow schema checks should throw graceful errors instead of crashing from assertions
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Component: C
Type: enhancement
- Dominant language
- C++
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Description
### Describe the enhancement requested
We encountered an issue while using ADBC (with Python bindings) due to BigQuery saying that BIGDECIMAL columns have a precision of 77 (the max supported by Arrow is 76). The Java implementation seems to have no issues with this, but the C binding error caused the entire Python application to crash instead of raising an exception. See https://github.com/apache/arrow-adbc/issues/1444.
Ideally, these checks should throw exceptions that can be caught and recovered from.
### Component(s)
C
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