[Python][C++] pyarrow.repeat returns an invalid array when a chunked array is required.

### Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

pyarrow.repeat silently fails and returns an invalid array when the result cannot fit in a single chunk.

```
import sys
import pyarrow as pa
print(f"{sys.version}")
print(f"{pa.__version__=}")

array = pa.repeat("?", 2**31 - 1)
print(array)
array = pa.repeat("?", 2**31)
print(array)
```

output:
```
3.9.12 (main, Jan 1 2020, 00:00:00)
[GCC 8.3.0]
pa.__version__='12.0.0'
[
"?",
"?",
...
"?",
"?",
]

```

### Component(s)

Python