[C++] Refactor debug-logging facilities in `AsofJoinNode`

### Describe the enhancement requested

Following #34392, `AsofJoinNode` includes debug-logging facilities that should be refactored. The specific asks are:

1. [Move](https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/34392#discussion_r1185225329) to a util file.
2. [Make](https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/34392#issuecomment-1535793004) the debug-logging APIs generic to `ExecNode`.
3. [Extract](https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/34392#discussion_r1187949299) debug-logging-enablement to query-context.
4. [Add](https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/34392#discussion_r1187952001) an debug-logging API that automatically adds a new-line at the end.
5. [Investigate](https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/34392#issuecomment-1539814758) GLOG.
6. Ensure `DEBUG_MANIP` does not generate a new class when invoked again for the same manipulator.

### Component(s)

C++

Start by reviewing the AsofJoinNode debug-logging implementation and the discussions linked from #34392. Trace how ExecNode and query-context currently expose logging, then investigate GLOG and DEBUG_MANIP behavior. Done means addressing all six listed refactoring asks without introducing duplicate manipulator classes.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.