[Python] Allow disabling more components

Some users would like to build lightweight versions of PyArrow, for example for use in AWS Lambda or similar systems which constrain the total size of usable libraries.

However, PyArrow currently mandates some Arrow C++ components which can lead to a very sizable Arrow binary install: Compute, CSV, Dataset, Filesystem, HDFS and JSON.

**Reporter**: [Antoine Pitrou](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-17916) / @pitrou
#### Related issues:
- [[C++] Split non-cast compute kernels into a separate shared library](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/25025) (is related to)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-17916](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-17916). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

Start by reviewing how PyArrow currently mandates the listed Arrow C++ components: Compute, CSV, Dataset, Filesystem, HDFS and JSON. The related issue on splitting compute kernels may provide context; done means users can build lightweight PyArrow versions without components they do not need.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.