[C++] Create fragment scanners for csv/parquet/orc/ipc

Once we have the basic scan node ready (with an initial implementation based on in-memory fragments) then we can add over the file-format versions. We may also want to consider adding JSON support for datasets at this time.

**Reporter**: [Weston Pace](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-17288) / @westonpace
**Assignee**: [Weston Pace](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-17288) / @westonpace
#### PRs and other links:
- [GitHub Pull Request #14663](https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/14663)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-17288](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-17288). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}