[C++][Docs] Expand C++ Cookbook

Currently, the C++ Cookbook has very few examples compared to the Python Cookbook, even though C++ Arrow can be used for the same tasks. Achieving parity between the cookbooks would be useful for developers to be able to use Arrow via C++ as a primary language.

Requires creation of examples and some light supporting prose – Python Cookbook can likely be copied in structure and some prose to save time.

**Reporter**: [Kae Suarez](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-17168) / @ksuarez1423
#### Related issues:
- [[C++][Docs] Add documentation for authoring compute kernels](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/18663) (is related to)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-17168](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-17168). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

Compare the existing C++ Cookbook with the Python Cookbook to identify missing task examples and reusable structure or prose. Start with the current cookbook content, then add corresponding C++ examples and supporting documentation; done means the C++ Cookbook provides substantially broader coverage toward parity with the Python version.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.