[Python] Use tzdata timezone database on Windows

In ARROW-13168, we enabled setting the path of the text-based database engine at runtime. This allowed R to use the tzdb package for the timezone database, since it uses the text format.

However, it doesn't seem like tzdata Python package ships that text format. They do have [a "compact" text format](https://github.com/python/tzdata/blob/master/src/tzdata/zoneinfo/tzdata.zi), which _might_ be compatible with our vendored date library. Otherwise, we'd likely have to wait for binary format support in https://github.com/HowardHinnant/date/issues/564

**Reporter**: [Will Jones](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-16054) / @wjones127
**Watchers**: [Rok Mihevc](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-16054) / @rok
#### Related issues:
- https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/28868 (is related to)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-16054](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-16054). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

Start with ARROW-13168 and related issue 28868, then compare the Python tzdata package's tzdata.zi compact text format with the vendored date library. Check the binary-format discussion in HowardHinnant/date issue 564. Done means Python on Windows can use the tzdata package as its timezone database.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.