[C++][Python][R] Add format inference option to StrptimeOptions

We want to have an option to infer timestamp format.

See [pandas.to_datetime](https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/reference/api/pandas.to_datetime.html) and lubridate [parse_date_time](https://lubridate.tidyverse.org/reference/parse_date_time.html) for examples.

**Reporter**: [Rok Mihevc](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-15666) / @rok
**Watchers**: [Rok Mihevc](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-15666) / @rok
#### Related issues:
- [[C++] Strptime issues umbrella](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/31324) (is a child of)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-15666](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-15666). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

Start by reviewing StrptimeOptions and the related C++ Strptime issues umbrella, then compare the referenced pandas.to_datetime and lubridate parse_date_time behavior. Define the intended format-inference option across the C++, Python, and R interfaces; done means the behavior and scope are specified and covered consistently.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.