[C++] Temporal floor/ceil/round handle ambiguous/nonexistent local time

ARROW-14822 enables temporal round/floor/ceil and raises on ambiguous/nonexistent local time. We should allow users to choose different behaviours e.g.: raise, earliest, latest, etc.
See AssumeTimezoneOptions for example.

**Reporter**: [Rok Mihevc](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-15251) / @rok
**Assignee**: [Rok Mihevc](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-15251) / @rok
**Watchers**: [Rok Mihevc](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-15251) / @rok
#### PRs and other links:
- [GitHub Pull Request #12528](https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/12528)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-15251](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-15251). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}