[C++][Compute] Replace ExecNode::InputReceived with ::MakeTask (Part 2)

In ARROW-13576 we made possible to defer computation of exec nodes but only for some implementations (e.g. Filter and Project) 

This ticket is to continue that effort and make all the nodes submit their tasks at the moment they are operating the ExecNode::InputReceived

Related tasks:

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-13576

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-14330

**Reporter**: [Percy Camilo Triveño Aucahuasi](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-14970) / @aucahuasi
#### Related issues:
- [[C++] Investigate potential performance improvements for the filter node](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/30992) (relates to)
#### PRs and other links:
- [GitHub Pull Request #11923](https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/11923)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-14970](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-14970). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

Review the ExecNode::InputReceived and ::MakeTask paths, then compare the Filter and Project implementations mentioned as partial prior work. Determine how the remaining execution nodes should submit tasks while handling InputReceived, and use PR #11923 and the related ARROW-13576 and ARROW-14330 tasks to establish the intended completion scope.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.