[C++][Compute] Add fixed_size_binary support to more compute functions

The following compute functions do not support fixed_size_binary but do support binary via ARROW-13879:
- match_substring[_regex]
- split_pattern[_regex]
- replace_substring[_regex]
- match_like
- starts/ends_with
- extract_regex

_Note_: **FixedSizeBinaryType** does not have an **offset_type** alias in its class definition, but some of these kernel implementations use/expect **offset_type** (e.g., **MatchSubstringImpl**).

**Reporter**: [Eduardo Ponce](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-14331) / @edponce
#### Related issues:
- [[C++] Add fixed_size_binary support to compute functions](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/29496) (relates to)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-14331](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-14331). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

Locate the implementations and tests for match_substring[_regex], split_pattern[_regex], replace_substring[_regex], match_like, starts/ends_with, and extract_regex, starting with MatchSubstringImpl and its offset_type usage. Compare their existing binary support with FixedSizeBinaryType handling, then verify that every listed function supports fixed-size binary without breaking binary behavior.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.