[C++] Take kernel can't handle ChunkedArrays that don't fit in an Array

Take() currently concatenates ChunkedArrays first. However, this breaks down when calling Take() from a ChunkedArray or Table where concatenating the arrays would result in an array that's too large. While inconvenient to implement, it would be useful if this case were handled.

This could be done as a higher-level wrapper around Take(), perhaps.

Example in Python:
```python

>>> import pyarrow as pa
>>> pa.__version__
'1.0.0'
>>> rb1 = pa.RecordBatch.from_arrays([["a" * 2**30]], names=["a"])
>>> rb2 = pa.RecordBatch.from_arrays([["b" * 2**30]], names=["a"])
>>> table = pa.Table.from_batches([rb1, rb2], schema=rb1.schema)
>>> table.take([1, 0])
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
File "pyarrow/table.pxi", line 1145, in pyarrow.lib.Table.take
File "/home/lidavidm/Code/twosigma/arrow/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pyarrow/compute.py", line 268, in take
return call_function('take', [data, indices], options)
File "pyarrow/_compute.pyx", line 298, in pyarrow._compute.call_function
File "pyarrow/_compute.pyx", line 192, in pyarrow._compute.Function.call
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 122, in pyarrow.lib.pyarrow_internal_check_status
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 84, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
pyarrow.lib.ArrowInvalid: offset overflow while concatenating arrays
```

In this example, it would be useful if Take() or a higher-level wrapper could generate multiple record batches as output.

**Reporter**: [Will Jones](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9773) / @wjones127
**Assignee**: [Will Jones](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9773) / @wjones127

#### Related issues:

- https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/28385 (is a child of)
- https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/26738 (duplicate)
- https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/31249 (duplicate)
- https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/26738 (duplicate)
- https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/34583 (duplicate)
- https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/37766 (relates to)
- https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/23539 (relates to)
- https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/33049 (relates to)
- https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/40207 (relates to)

#### PRs and other links:

- https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/13857

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-9773](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9773). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}