[C++/Python] Kernel for SetItem(IntegerArray, values) ("replace_with_indices")

We should have a kernel that allows overriding the values of an array using an integer array as the indexer and a scalar or array of equal length as the values.

**Reporter**: [Uwe Korn](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9431) / @xhochy
#### Related issues:
- [[C++] String algorithm library for StringArray/BinaryArray](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/16192) (is a child of)
- [[C++/Python] Kernel for SetItem(BooleanArray, values)](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/25504) (relates to)
- [[C++] Add "replace" kernel](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/26960) (is related to)
- [[R] Implement updating values via square brackets not implemented](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/30118) (is depended upon by)
- [[C++/Python] Support necessary functionality to have an Arrow-string type in pandas](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/25481) (is depended upon by)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-9431](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9431). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}