[C++][Compute] Add scalar_hash function

The purpose of this function is to compute 32- or 64-bit hash values for each cell in an Array. Hashes for nested types can be computed recursively by combining the hash values of their children

**Reporter**: [Wes McKinney](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-8991) / @wesm
**Assignee**: [Aldrin Montana](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-8991) / @drin
#### Subtasks:
- [X] [[C++][Compute] Add FastHash32 as a 32-bit version of a scalar hash function](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/32264)
#### Related issues:
- [[C++] Implement hashing, dictionary-encoding for StructArray](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/20581) (is a child of)
- [[C++] Add a compute function to hash inputs](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/31876) (is duplicated by)
- [[C++] Benchmark key_hash and document tradeoffs with vendored xxhash](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/31439) (is related to)
- [[C++] Support joining tables with non-key fields as list](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/32504) (is related to)
- [[C++] Unify KeyColumnArray and ArraySpan](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/32540) (is related to)
- [[C++][Compute] Add Cryptographic hash functions to Acero](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/20362) (is related to)
#### PRs and other links:
- [GitHub Pull Request #13487](https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/13487)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-8991](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-8991). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}