Parse Durations From String

**Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge? Please describe what you are trying to do.**

`arrow-cast` does not currently support converting strings to durations

**Describe the solution you'd like**

**Describe alternatives you've considered**

**Additional context**

https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/issues/4553 will change the output format and should probably come first

Review the arrow-cast implementation and issue #4553 first, since the linked issue is expected to change the output format. Determine the supported duration string format and conversion behavior, then verify that strings can be converted to durations consistently after that prerequisite is resolved.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.