Introduce workflow to copy labels from issue to linked PR

Our changelog generation relies on categorizing included PRs by their labels, see:

- https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/pull/10451

That means we should ensure PRs merged to main have labels such as `bug`, `enhancement`, `performance`, `security`, `development-process`, etc.

Whenever we create issues they usually get tagged as either bug or enhancement based on the template, so if a PR is created and links to the issue (`Closes #123`) then it would be good to be able to copy the labels from the issue to the PR so maintainers don't need to manually do this for every PR.

Looks like this project might accomplish this: https://github.com/michalvankodev/copy-issue-labels

Look into introducing this (and ensuring it does what we need).

Start by reviewing the changelog categorization in pull request 10451 and the copy-issue-labels project linked in the issue. Identify how an issue-linked PR can receive labels such as bug or enhancement, then verify the workflow handles the stated label cases and supports changelog generation for merged PRs.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.