[JS][CI] Pre-install the JS dependencies in the dockerfile

If it is possible with npm, see comment https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/master/ci/docker/debian-10-js.dockerfile#L24-L27

**Reporter**: [Krisztian Szucs](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-7137) / @kszucs

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-7137](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-7137). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}