[JS] Use feature enum in javascript

**Reporter**: [Micah Kornfield](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9311) / @emkornfield
#### Related issues:
- [[Java] Use feature enum](https://github.com/apache/arrow-java/issues/333) (is a clone of)

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-9311](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9311). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}