[Go] Use Feature enum

**Reporter**: [Micah Kornfield](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9314) / @emkornfield

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [ARROW-9314](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-9314). Please see the [migration documentation](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/14542) for further details.*}

Start with the issue title and the linked migration documentation at apache/arrow#14542, then inspect the Go repository to locate the Feature definitions and their current uses. Done means the relevant Go code consistently uses the Feature enum, but the issue does not identify specific files or tests.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.