format: expose data types in catalog metadata

### What feature or improvement would you like to see?

JDBC and ODBC support this.

The challenge is how we want to model them, especially wrt nested types (but also enums), and how we want to expose them relative to Arrow (e.g. providing a mapping from database type to Arrow type, and possibly vice versa? see https://github.com/apache/arrow-adbc/issues/3793)

- JDBC
- [getUDTs](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/sql/DatabaseMetaData.html#getUDTs-java.lang.String-java.lang.String-java.lang.String-int:A-)
- [getTypeInfo](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/sql/DatabaseMetaData.html#getTypeInfo--)
- [getSuperTypes](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/sql/DatabaseMetaData.html#getSuperTypes-java.lang.String-java.lang.String-java.lang.String-)
- [getAttributes](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/sql/DatabaseMetaData.html#getAttributes-java.lang.String-java.lang.String-java.lang.String-java.lang.String-)
- PostgreSQL: https://github.com/apache/arrow-adbc/issues/3971 (point 15)