c: annotate with `[[lifetimebound]]` attributes

https://clang.llvm.org/docs/AttributeReference.html#lifetimebound

Seems useful for simple accessors.

Abseil uses them: https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/blob/8184f16e898fcb13b310b40430e13ba40679cf0e/absl/base/attributes.h#L797-L817

Some others that might be useful: https://clang.llvm.org/docs/AttributeReference.html#handle-attributes

Start with Clang’s AttributeReference lifetimebound documentation and the linked Abseil attributes.h example. Identify which simple accessors in arrow-adbc are suitable and define the annotation scope; done means the selected accessors are consistently annotated and the project’s relevant checks pass.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.