Add Additional Techniques for Airflow Troubleshooting

### Description

Currently, there is very little documentation for troubleshooting Airflow. Right now, these docs live here: https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/troubleshooting.html#.

This issue requests that additional docs are added to the page mentioned above.

### Use case/motivation

Troubleshooting is a common workflow that all Airflow users need to be aware of/have expertise in. Updating this documentation will provide enhanced information for users to properly troubleshoot and fix their DAGs/Airflow environment when things go wrong.

### Related issues

https://github.com/apache/airflow/issues/71948

### Are you willing to submit a PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [x] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

Start by reading the existing troubleshooting page at https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/troubleshooting.html and review related issue #71948 for context. Identify additional troubleshooting techniques that fit the page, then update the documentation so Airflow users have clearer guidance for diagnosing DAG and environment problems.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.