Log exceptions as warnings till the final attempt

### Description

We have an integration with sentry on Google cloud composer.
We would like to be alerted for any exceptions happening in airflow , but don't want to be alerted when those exceptions would be retried. We tried setting alert conditions on number of errors, but it does not solve the problem as we have hundreds of instances of a DAG running.

Requirements:
1. Log as warning when try_number is less than equal to max_tries.
2. Log as an error in the final try.

### Use case/motivation

_No response_

### Related issues

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit a PR?

- [X] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

Start by locating the Airflow exception-logging path that has access to try_number and max_tries. Verify the current behavior for retried and final attempts, then confirm that retryable exceptions are warnings and the final attempt is an error, with tests covering both cases.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.