feat(input): add (limited) support for text masking

#### Bug, feature request, or proposal:
How can I set a text mask in date picker component so, if user doesn't want to select a date in calendar, he can type and fill correctly the field?

#### What is the expected behavior?
When click on input date picker, show the mask so user can type date instead of selecting a date from calendar

#### What is the current behavior?
empty input

#### What are the steps to reproduce?
Providing a StackBlitz/Plunker (or similar) is the *best* way to get the team to see your issue.

Plunker starter (using on `@master`): https://goo.gl/DlHd6U

StackBlitz starter (using latest `npm` release): https://goo.gl/wwnhMV

Just add a datepicker component

#### What is the use-case or motivation for changing an existing behavior?
Maybe user wants to type date instead of selecting form calendar.

#### Which versions of Angular, Material, OS, TypeScript, browsers are affected?
@angular/cli: 1.3.0
node: 6.10.3
os: darwin x64
@angular/animations: 4.3.5
@angular/cdk: 2.0.0-beta.8
@angular/common: 4.3.5
@angular/compiler: 4.3.5
@angular/core: 4.3.5
@angular/flex-layout: 2.0.0-beta.8
@angular/forms: 4.3.5
@angular/http: 4.3.5
@angular/material: 2.0.0-beta.8
@angular/platform-browser: 4.3.5
@angular/platform-browser-dynamic: 4.3.5
@angular/router: 4.3.5
@angular/cli: 1.3.0
@angular/compiler-cli: 4.3.5
@angular/language-service: 4.3.5

#### Is there anything else we should know?

Start by reproducing the request with the date picker component using the linked StackBlitz or Plunker examples. Review the date picker input behavior and determine the intended typing, masking, parsing, and calendar interaction; done means users can enter a correctly formatted date without selecting it from the calendar.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.