bug(material/theming): get-contrast-color-from-palette doesn't work with pre-defined hue names

### Is this a regression?

- [ ] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

_No response_

### Description

Using `get-contrast-color-from-palette` is convenient and explicit as it gives you the contrast color without having to add `-contrast` to the hue value. It seems to me as the right thing to choose, even though the theming documentation currently doesn't mention this function.

However the behavior can be confusing because hues such as `default`, `lighter` or `darker` are added only to the outer map, not the inner contrast map, when calling `define-palette`. Therefore you can only use it with hues that are defined in the contrast-palette from the beginning (such as 500).

There is an easy workaround but I also think that it should be fairly easy to add `default`, `lighter`, `darker` etc. to the inner contrast map in `mat.define-palette`.

### Reproduction

StackBlitz link: https://stackblitz.com/edit/components-issue-egs21k?file=src%2Fstyles.scss
Steps to reproduce:
1. Use `mat.get-contrast-color-from-palette` with a pre-defined hue value such as `default` or `lighter`

### Expected Behavior

I expect `mat.get-contrast-color-from-palette($palette, default)` to return the same color as `mat-get-color-from-palette($palette, default-contrast)` after defining a palette using `mat.define-palette`.

### Actual Behavior

`mat.get-contrast-color-from-palette` looks for a hue called `default` in the inner contrast map but that doesn't get added to the inner contrast map when calling `mat.define-palette`.

### Environment

- Angular: 16.2.6
- CDK/Material: 16.2.9
- Browser(s): Firefox
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): Windows 11

Start with mat.define-palette and get-contrast-color-from-palette, then run the provided StackBlitz reproduction using the default or lighter hue. Done means the contrast lookup returns the same color as the corresponding default-contrast or lighter-contrast value, with coverage for the affected behavior.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.