Implement schedule filters

### Things to check first

- [X] I have searched the existing issues and didn't find my feature already requested there

### Feature description

Schedules would receive the ability to filter run times returned from a trigger. If a filter rejects a run time, then the next fire time would be requested from the trigger, until a fire time is received that passes all the filters.

This function was previously served by `AndTrigger`, but it has proven to be very problematic in practice. There might be grounds for removal of `AndTrigger` if this feature is implemented.

### Use case

A common use case for this is skipping holidays, as that requires special logic that would ordinarily require customizing a trigger.