Roadmap: Account recovery after losing a second factor

Summary

The topic was discussed recently by @sybrew and me. We thought it would be great to get a step ahead here and propose some clear solutions on how to move forward with account recoveries.

This is a tracking issue for making it safer and easier to recover a WordPress account after a user loses their second factor, without weakening the second-factor promise for everyone else. It captures the design discussion and links the concrete work items as sub-issues.

The core tension

As @kasparsd put it in #621: "technically there is no way to enable account self-service recovery without compromising the very promise of the second factor." Any self-service reset an honest user can trigger is, by definition, a path an attacker who controls the same inputs (usually the email inbox) can also trigger.

So the goal is not "a reset anyone can do with zero risk." It is a layered set of options where each site picks the trade-off it is comfortable with: the operator-side options carry little to no new risk; any self-service option must be opt-in and deliberately slow.

A site-wide "disable 2FA for everyone" kill-switch is intentionally out of scope — disabling 2FA for everyone because one person is locked out throws away the protection of every other account. Recovery must target the single affected user.

Gaps today

1. No first-party WP-CLI command — operators must edit the database or un-check options as a second admin.
   Proposal is available at #905 (Issue #233)

2. No supported wp-config.php lever to bypass 2FA for a locked-out account.
   Proposal is available at #908

3. No self-service path for a single-user site whose owner lost their second factor and has no second admin.
   Potential solutions are discussed here #621

4. Recovery codes are optional, so the one self-service path that exists is often unavailable when needed.
   Could be implemented as part of #813

5. No "running low on recovery codes" warning — users are only notified once they are completely out.
   Proposal is available at #907