Formatting and linting are inconsistent in terms of spacing a^(b)

Note that I am using https://github.com/REditorSupport/vscode-r-lsp, but I feel that particular implementation is not the core issue, so I'll try here first.

My problem is this line:

x^(y + z)

which I feel is nicely spaced. However, lintr says

Place a space before left parenthesis, except in a function call.

So when I do this,

x^ (y + z)

the lintr message disappears, but a subsequent "Format Document With ... - R LSP Client" in VS Code will remove the space and I end up with the first line and its lintr message. (The same is true for x ^ (y + z).)

I guess the problem is that lintr follows Hadley Wickham's style guide (source), which states

Place a space before left parentheses, except in a function call.

and

Place spaces around all infix operators

(emphasis mine) and has an y ^ x example in the code. So it's hard to argue that lintr is wrong.

At the same time, styler follows the tidyverse style guide (source), which does not require spaces around all parentheses and has an exception for certain infix operators, including ^:

There are a few exceptions, which should never be surrounded by spaces:

• The operators with high precedence: ::, :::, $, @, [, [[, ^, unary -, unary +, and :.

Start by reproducing the spacing difference for x^(y + z) and x^ (y + z) with lintr and the R language server's formatting behavior. Compare the relevant lintr and styler guidance, then determine the intended handling for the ^ operator and verify that linting and formatting agree on the resulting expression.