NVIDIA / NVIDIA/cuvs

[FEA] Kmeans to support massive k

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@HowardHuang1 is already working on this.

Since Apr 14, 2026.

feature request
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Cuda
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Description

GPUs have become widely used for coarse quantization in IVFs, but the fundamental kmeans algorithm becomes very limited as k increases, since it computes a 1-nn for expectation step which boils down to an exhaustive matrix multiplication.

We should investigate the potential of using a high recall ANN inside kmeans for thr 1-nn step to speed up the expectation step when k is massive. For example, in a single IVF with 100B ot 1T vectors, it's not uncommon to have a global index with 1-10B centroids.

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