[FEA] Enable mypy disallow_any_* checks in cudf/core/column

As we're adding more type stubs to cuDF classic, https://github.com/rapidsai/cudf/issues/17470, and revealing explicit types of our 3rd party libraries, we should also strive make the type annotations in our private data structures explicit, namely the `ColumnBase` and its subclasses. These objects are fully owned by us and don't need to be as flexible as the pandas-like public API. Therefore, we should disallow `Any` or similar types (`ScalarLike`, `ColumnLike`) anywhere in `cudf/core/column`

xref https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config_file.html#disallow-dynamic-typing