[FEA]: Consolidate common configuration machinery

### Is this a duplicate?

- [X] I confirmed there appear to be no [duplicate issues](https://github.com/NVIDIA/cccl/issues) for this request and that I agree to the [Code of Conduct](CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

### Area

General CCCL

### Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.

We have a lot of boilerplate code in all repositories that is frequently repeated. This includes things like detection of standard modes, available compiler features etc.

We have a chain of dependency libcu++ -> cub -> thrust

Do we want to pull out the common configuration code into a libcu++ header and maybe prefix it with `_CCCL_MEOW`

That way all our brittle macro workarounds would end up in a unique place where we could contain all that madness

### Describe the solution you'd like

I would prefer to have a single configuration header in libcu++ that acts as a source of truth for all configuration / helper macros

### Describe alternatives you've considered

We can happily continue to duplicate the necessary code. It is working after all

### Additional context

_No response_