[FEA]: llvm / clang 17 CI coverage

### Is this a duplicate?

- [x] I confirmed there appear to be no [duplicate issues](https://github.com/NVIDIA/cccl/issues) for this request and that I agree to the [Code of Conduct](CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

### Area

libcu++

### Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.

Hello! We see that in CI you are covering the binaries from the LLVM 16.x releases, but there is no coverage yet for the 17.x releases:

https://github.com/NVIDIA/cccl/blob/c494fe94fbc5b83c517613ad671656a35340f829/ci/matrix.yaml#L34

That's something that is very interesting for us.

Anecdote: we are debugging a clang-tidy error which is actually a compilation error: clang is tripped up by code in `libcudacxx/cuda/std/detail/libcxx/include` and for our debugging it was interesting to see where you are in terms of supporting clang 17.

### Describe the solution you'd like

cover clang 17 in your CI

### Describe alternatives you've considered

n/a

### Additional context

_No response_