Use clang-tidy instead of cpplint to autolint

## Description

It would be nice if the linter would just automatically apply a style so that we never have to think about our cpp style outside of discussions of the linter configuration.

`clang-tidy` seems like the standard tool for this. It supports the same google style options as cpplint and purports to be able to automatically detect and fix issues. Linting can be switched off using comments in the code for specific blocks if necessary.

## Dependencies

* It isn't worth even attempting this until we get our new computing infrastructure and can easily access modern compilers.

Start by confirming that the new computing infrastructure and modern compilers are available, then investigate how clang-tidy can replace cpplint while supporting the stated Google style options. Done means linting can automatically apply the agreed C++ style and can be disabled for specific code blocks when necessary.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.