CVE-2025-46727 (High) detected in rack-2.2.9.gem

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## CVE-2025-46727 - High Severity Vulnerability
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.2.9.gem

Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing
web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in
the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web
servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called
middleware) into a single method call.

Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.2.9.gem

Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock

Path to vulnerable library: /home/wss-scanner/.gem/ruby/3.2.0/cache/rack-2.2.9.gem

Dependency Hierarchy:
- rack-test-2.1.0.gem (Root Library)
- :x: **rack-2.2.9.gem** (Vulnerable Library)

Found in base branch: master

Vulnerability Details

Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.14, 3.0.16, and 3.1.14, "Rack::QueryParser" parses query strings and "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" bodies into Ruby data structures without imposing any limit on the number of parameters, allowing attackers to send requests with extremely large numbers of parameters. The vulnerability arises because "Rack::QueryParser" iterates over each "&"-separated key-value pair and adds it to a Hash without enforcing an upper bound on the total number of parameters. This allows an attacker to send a single request containing hundreds of thousands (or more) of parameters, which consumes excessive memory and CPU during parsing. An attacker can trigger denial of service by sending specifically crafted HTTP requests, which can cause memory exhaustion or pin CPU resources, stalling or crashing the Rack server. This results in full service disruption until the affected worker is restarted. Versions 2.2.14, 3.0.16, and 3.1.14 fix the issue. Some other mitigations are available. One may use middleware to enforce a maximum query string size or parameter count, or employ a reverse proxy (such as Nginx) to limit request sizes and reject oversized query strings or bodies. Limiting request body sizes and query string lengths at the web server or CDN level is an effective mitigation.
Mend Note: The description of this vulnerability differs from MITRE.

Publish Date: 2025-05-07

URL: CVE-2025-46727

CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)

Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High

For more information on CVSS3 Scores, click here.

Suggested Fix

Type: Upgrade version

Release Date: 2025-05-07

Fix Resolution: https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.0.16,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.1.14,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v2.2.14

***
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Start with Gemfile.lock and the rack-test-2.1.0 dependency entry to confirm why rack 2.2.9 is selected. Update the resolved Rack version to 2.2.14 or later, then verify that the lockfile no longer selects the vulnerable version and the dependency update is complete.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.