Document Python+PyTorch version compatibility matrix in README

Nobody has claimed this yet.

## 🚀 Feature

Add a matrix that defines which python versions are supported.

### Motivation

Going through [the installation guide](https://github.com/Lightning-AI/lightning-thunder?tab=readme-ov-file#install-thunder) with python 3.11 leads to errors when installing `nvfuser`

Error message

Error message depends on which package is used.

**The version recommended in Thunder readme:**

```

$ conda create -n thunder3 python=3.11
...
$ conda activate thunder3
$ pip install --pre nvfuser-cu121-torch24
ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement nvfuser-cu121-torch24 (from versions: none)
ERROR: No matching distribution found for nvfuser-cu121-torch24

```

**The version recommended in nvfuser readme (i.e. with the extra index flag:**

```

$ pip install --pre 'nvfuser-cu121[torch]' --extra-index-url https://pypi.nvidia.com
Looking in indexes: https://pypi.org/simple, https://pypi.nvidia.com
Collecting nvfuser-cu121[torch]
Downloading nvfuser_cu121-0.2.10.dev20240819.tar.gz (544 bytes)
Installing build dependencies ... done
Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) ... error
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

× Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> [41 lines of output]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/mmikulski/miniconda3/envs/report/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 353, in
main()
File "/home/mmikulski/miniconda3/envs/report/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 335, in main
json_out['return_val'] = hook(**hook_input['kwargs'])
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/mmikulski/miniconda3/envs/report/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 152, in prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel
whl_basename = backend.build_wheel(metadata_directory, config_settings)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/tmp/pip-build-env-jvsfi906/overlay/lib/python3.11/site-packages/nvidia_stub/buildapi.py", line 29, in build_wheel
return download_wheel(pathlib.Path(wheel_directory), config_settings)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/tmp/pip-build-env-jvsfi906/overlay/lib/python3.11/site-packages/nvidia_stub/wheel.py", line 175, in download_wheel
report_install_failure(distribution, version, None)
File "/tmp/pip-build-env-jvsfi906/overlay/lib/python3.11/site-packages/nvidia_stub/error.py", line 63, in report_install_failure
raise InstallFailedError(
nvidia_stub.error.InstallFailedError:
*******************************************************************************

The installation of nvfuser-cu121 for version 0.2.10.dev20240819 failed.

This is a special placeholder package which downloads a real wheel package
from https://pypi.nvidia.com. If https://pypi.nvidia.com is not reachable, we
cannot download the real wheel file to install.

You might try installing this package via
$ pip install --extra-index-url https://pypi.nvidia.com nvfuser-cu121
Here is some debug information about your platform to include in any bug
report:

Python Version: CPython 3.11.9
Operating System: Linux 6.5.0-44-generic
CPU Architecture: x86_64
Driver Version: 550.90
CUDA Version: 12.4

*******************************************************************************

[end of output]

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: metadata-generation-failed

× Encountered error while generating package metadata.
╰─> See above for output.

note: This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.
hint: See above for details.

```

Python 3.10 works fine.

### Pitch

Write explicite which versions of python are supported, e.g.:

| python | status |
|--------|----------------|
| 3.9 | ✅ |
| 3.10 | ✅ |
| 3.11 | coming soon |

### Alternatives

Add badges with python version at the top of the readme, like [here](https://github.com/mjmikulski/horology/blob/master/README.md).

### Additional context

Start in the README's Install Thunder section and review the reported Python 3.10 and 3.11 installation behavior for nvfuser. Document the supported Python and PyTorch combinations in a compatibility matrix, including statuses for versions that are not yet supported, and verify the README renders correctly.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.