Execute select tests after building

Some tests are meant to be executed and should therefore be run in CI as well.
The easiest way is to make use of [try_run](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/command/try_run.html), which would work for both the CTest and non-CTest test versions.

The only issue would be that the required CMake version needs to be bumped to `3.25`. That could be solved by only bumping the version required when tests are enabled.

Start with the CMake configuration for CTest and non-CTest test builds, then inspect how CI enables tests. Verify that try_run executes the intended tests in both modes and that the CMake 3.25 requirement applies only when tests are enabled.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.