Add a GHA workflow to perform static code analysis

### Description

Add a GHA workflow to perform static code analysis, using e.g. `cppcheck` or clang tools.

### Impact analysis

A static code analysis tools would allow to e.g. identify dangerous patterns, unreachable code, etc.

### Expected behavior

Improve the code base by passing all static syntax checks.

### Actual behavior

No static analysis is performed other than the analysis done locally by some maintainers and contributors.

### Versions

`master`.

### Environment

Any.

### Additional Information

N/A.