Skaffold can't push to remote private registry.

### Expected behavior
The image should be built and pushed to the remote registry.

### Actual behavior
The output of `skaffold run` is as follows

> WARN[0000] failed to detect active kubernetes cluster node platform. Specify the correct build platform in the `skaffold.yaml` file or using the `--platform` flag subtask=-1 task=DevLoop
> Generating tags...
> - registry.a.com:5000/b/c/d -> registry.a.com:5000/b/c/d:4.5.5-265-g0186190-dirty
> Checking cache...
> - registry.a.com:5000/b/c/d: Not found. Building
> Starting build...
> Building [registry.a.com:5000/b/c/d]...
> [+] Building 1.9s (12/12) FINISHED
> => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile 0.0s
> => => transferring dockerfile: 38B 0.0s
> => [internal] load .dockerignore 0.0s
> => => transferring context: 34B 0.0s
> => [internal] load metadata for docker.repos.balad.ir/python:3.8 0.0s
> => [1/7] FROM docker.repos.k.com/python:3.8 0.0s
> => [internal] load build context 0.0s
> => => transferring context: 84.57kB 0.0s
> => CACHED [2/7] RUN apt update; apt install -y libev-dev 0.0s
> => CACHED [3/7] ADD requirements.txt /tmp/requirements.txt 0.0s
> => CACHED [4/7] RUN --mount=type=secret,id=ci-job-token git config --global credential.helper store && echo "https://gitlab-ci-token:$(cat 0.0s
> => CACHED [5/7] WORKDIR /home/Libero 0.0s
> => [6/7] ADD . . 0.1s
> => [7/7] RUN pybabel compile -d libero/translations 0.5s
> => exporting to image 1.3s
> => => exporting layers 1.3s
> => => writing image sha256:sha-ommitted-by-me-as-i-wasn't-sure-if-it's-confidentital-or-not 0.0s
> => => naming to registry.a.com:5000/b/c/d:4.5.5-265-g0186190-dirty 0.0s
> The push refers to repository [registry.a.com:5000/b/c/d]
> build [registry.a.com:5000/b/c/d] failed: could not push image "registry.a.com:5000/b/c/d:4.5.5-265-g0186190-dirty": An image does not exist locally with the tag: registry.a.com:5000/b/c/d
>

### Information
- Skaffold version: v1.37.0
- Operating system: Ubuntu 20.04.4 LTS
- Installed via: skaffold.dev
- Contents of skaffold.yaml:

```yaml
apiVersion: skaffold/v2beta28
kind: Config
metadata:
name: libero
build:
local:
useBuildkit: true
artifacts:
- image: registry.a.com:5000/b/c/d
docker:
dockerfile: Dockerfile
deploy:
kubectl:
manifests:
- k8s/canary-real-estate/deployment.yaml
```

### Steps to reproduce the behavior
I'm working with a private GitLab docker registry. I'm not sure which files I should provide, any tips are highly appreciated.

when I run `docker image ls` i can see the image `registry.a.com:5000/b/c/d:4.5.5-265-g0186190-dirty` has been created, so I have no idea why skaffold can't find this image and push it to the remote repository?
I should also note that skaffold is working perfectly fine with some other repositories that I use with this registry.
I have logged in to the Docker registry, and the command `docker push registry.a.com:5000/b/c/d:4.5.5-265-g0186190-dirty` successfully pushes my image to the registry.
The strange thing is that when I run `skaffold run` on the exact same repository in another computer (MacOS Big Sur) Skaffold works fine.