Cache should detect locally built image with different name when push fails

a common build failure scenario is forgetting to apply a default repo, meaning that images build fine but skaffold will fail because of a failed push. once a default repo is applied, the subsequent build and push will succeed, but rebuilds shouldn't be necessary if the previous build succeeded. however, skaffold's cache check is naive in checking for a direct image name match, and will fail and rebuild, which can be annoying with long image builds.

### Expected behavior
after successful build but failed push, subsequent build/push should detect image built locally if name changes (but tag stays the same)

### Actual behavior
cache check fails because image name has changed

### Information

- Skaffold version: v1.14.0
- Operating system: all

### Steps to reproduce the behavior

1. https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/bank-of-anthos
2. `skaffold build` # build with succeed, but push will fail
3. `skaffold build -d `