Add Missing Python CI Checks (e.g. ruff, flake8, mypy)

Currently, the project is missing automated CI checks for Python code quality and type safety. This makes it easier for linting issues, style inconsistencies, and potential bugs to slip into the codebase unnoticed.
Add a CI workflow to run these tools on every PR.

This will bring the project more in line with standard Python best practices and reduce the likelihood of avoidable bugs.