pygmt.mapproject: Forward and inverse map transformations, datum conversions and geodesy

*This issue serves as the central place for discussing and tracking the implementation of the `mapproject` method in PyGMT. The issue will be closed when the initial implementation is complete. Progress is tracked at https://github.com/orgs/GenericMappingTools/projects/3.*

## Documentation

- GMT: https://docs.generic-mapping-tools.org/dev/mapproject.html
- GMT.jl: https://www.generic-mapping-tools.org/GMTjl_doc/documentation/modules/mapproject
- PyGMT: https://www.pygmt.org/dev/api/generated/pygmt.mapproject.html

## GMT Option Flags and Modifieres

☑️: *Implemented*; ⬜: *To be implemented/discussed*; ~~Strikethrough~~: *Won't implement*.

- [ ] `table`:
- [ ] `-A`
- [ ] `-C`
- [ ] `-D`
- [ ] `-E`
- [ ] `-F`
- [ ] `-G`
- [ ] `-I`
- [ ] `-J`: `projection`
- [ ] `-L`
- [ ] `-N`
- [ ] `-Q`
- [ ] `-R`: `region`
- [ ] `-S`
- [ ] `-T`
- [ ] `-V`: `verbose`
- [ ] `-W`
- [ ] `-Z`
- [ ] `-b`
- [ ] `-d`
- [ ] `-e`
- [ ] `-f`
- [ ] `-g`
- [ ] `-h`
- [ ] `-i`
- [ ] `-j`
- [ ] `-o`
- [ ] `-p`
- [ ] `-q`
- [ ] `-s`
- [ ] `-i`
- [ ] ~~`--PAR=value`~~: Use `pygmt.config` instead.

## Notes on Input Formats

*Add any notes on the input formats, especially the meaning of columns.*

## Linked Pull Requests

- [ ] Initial feature implementation
- [ ] Add a tutorial or gallery example

## Related Issues and Discussions

*Add links to related wrapper discussions, API design threads, or upstream GMT changes here.*