Support Adaptive Retry Strategy in Azure SDKs

Right now in AzureCore there is an[ Exponential Retry](https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-net/blob/main/sdk/core/Azure.Core/src/RetryMode.cs) strategy supported

Worth exploring expanding the available retry strategies in all languages to include something like AWS's Adaptive Retry Strategy, which uses a dynamic token bucket based approach:
* https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/retry-strategy.html
* https://docs.aws.amazon.com/java/api/latest/software/amazon/awssdk/retries/StandardRetryStrategy.html
* https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-java-v2/blob/master/core/retries/src/main/java/software/amazon/awssdk/retries/AdaptiveRetryStrategy.java

Would apply to the SDKs of all languages:
* .NET: https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-net/blob/main/sdk/core/Azure.Core/src/RetryMode.cs
* Python: https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-python/blob/main/sdk/core/azure-core/azure/core/pipeline/policies/_retry.py
* Java: https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-java/blob/main/sdk/core/azure-core/src/main/java/com/azure/core/http/policy/RetryStrategy.java
* JS/TS: https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-js/blob/main/sdk/core/core-rest-pipeline/src/policies/retryPolicy.ts
* Go: https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/blob/main/sdk/azcore/policy/policy.go
* C++: https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-cpp/blob/main/sdk/core/azure-core/inc/azure/core/http/policies/policy.hpp
* Rust: https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-rust/blob/main/sdk/core/typespec_client_core/src/http/options/retry.rs

Start by comparing the listed retry entry points: Azure.Core/src/RetryMode.cs, azure-core/azure/core/pipeline/policies/_retry.py, and the corresponding Java, JS/TS, Go, C++, and Rust files. Read the linked AWS adaptive retry documentation and implementation for reference. Done would require an agreed adaptive retry strategy and support across all listed Azure SDK languages.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.