Adopt modern C++ and get rid of C style coding

In the ongoing discussion of safety in C++ code bases, it is a bit strange that at the light of Microsoft initiatives like [Secure Future Initiative](https://www.microsoft.com/de-de/trust-center/security/secure-future-initiative) and Azure's security initiatives, as mentioned on [Microsoft Azure security evolution: Embrace secure multitenancy, Confidential Compute, and Rust](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/microsoft-azure-security-evolution-embrace-secure-multitenancy-confidential-compute-and-rust), that Azure C++ SDK still exposes several C like code patterns like C style strings and arrays, instead of safer C++ standard types.